Depending on, according to: 〜に応じて
N + に応じて/に応じ/に応じた + N
N + に応じて (written: に応じ; before a noun: に応じた): depending on, according to a variable, with an appropriate adjustment. Neutral to written register: prices, regulations, services.
In short
〜に応じて says that one thing adjusts to a variable: “depending on, according to, in proportion to”. When the variable changes (age, budget, level, number of people, season), the other element changes with it, appropriately. 応じる means “to respond, to adjust”. Neutral to written register: prices, regulations, services, instructions.
- 年齢に応じて料金が変わります。ねんれいにおうじてりょうきんがかわります。Prices vary depending on age.
- 予算に応じて、プランをお選びいただけます。よさんにおうじて、ぷらんをおえらびいただけます。You can choose a plan according to your budget.
- 当店では、季節に応じたメニューをご用意しています。とうてんでは、きせつにおうじためにゅーをごよういしています。At our restaurant, we offer a menu suited to each season.
- 働いた時間に応じて、給料が支払われる。はたらいたじかんにおうじて、きゅうりょうがしはらわれる。Wages are paid according to the hours worked.
The basics
応じる is “to respond, to adjust to”. 〜に応じて links two things that move together: a variable (age, budget, level, number, season, situation) and what adapts to it (a price, a choice, a dose, a wage). Each value of the variable gets a matching response.
In English: “depending on, according to, in proportion to, suited to”. It's the vocabulary of price lists, regulations, instructions and services. In relaxed conversation, you'd more often hear によって or に合わせて.
You can choose a plan according to your budget.
- noun
- grammatical form
- verb
- 体力に応じて、無理のない運動を続けましょう。たいりょくにおうじて、むりのないうんどうをつづけましょう。Let's keep exercising at a comfortable level, according to our fitness.
- 成績に応じて、奨学金の額が決まる。せいせきにおうじて、しょうがくきんのがくがきまる。The amount of the scholarship depends on your grades.
How to form it
You attach it to a noun with に. に応じ is the written continuative form. Before a noun, you use に応じた (most common). The verb 応じる is also used on its own, meaning “to agree to, to accept”: 取材に応じる (agree to an interview), 質問に応じる.
| Construction | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| N + に応じて | 年齢に応じて変わる | vary with age |
| N + に応じ (written) | 収入に応じ税金を払う | pay tax according to income |
| N + に応じた + N | レベルに応じた教材 | materials suited to one's level |
| N + に応じる (verb) | 取材に応じる | agree to an interview |
- レベルに応じた教材を使えば、少しずつ上達できる。れべるにおうじたきょうざいをつかえば、すこしずつじょうたつできる。With materials suited to your level, you can improve little by little.
- 事故のあと、社長は記者の取材に応じた。じこのあと、しゃちょうはきしゃのしゅざいにおうじた。After the accident, the president agreed to speak to reporters.
に応じて, によって, 次第で, に応えて
によって (N3) simply notes a difference: 国によって習慣が違う (customs vary from country to country). Nobody adjusts anything. に応じて adds the idea of deliberate adjustment: you adapt something to the variable. So you say 人によって考え方が違う, not “人に応じて考え方が違う”.
次第で (“it all depends on”) says the outcome depends entirely on one decisive factor: 努力次第で結果が変わる. Finally, に応えて (previous point) is responding to an expectation to satisfy it, not adapting to a scale.
| Expression | Idea | Example |
|---|---|---|
| によって | simple observed difference | 国によって習慣が違う |
| に応じて | deliberate, appropriate adjustment | 人数に応じて部屋を選ぶ |
| 次第で | it all depends on this factor | 努力次第で結果が変わる |
| に応えて | respond to an expectation | 要望に応えて時間を延ばす |
- 国によって、食事のマナーは違う。くにによって、しょくじのまなーはちがう。Table manners vary from country to country. (simple difference)
- 参加人数に応じて、会場を選びます。さんかにんずうにおうじて、かいじょうをえらびます。We'll choose the venue according to the number of participants.
A variable, never a cause
に応じて doesn't express a cause. “大雨に応じて試合が中止になった” is wrong: the rain caused the cancellation; it isn't a scale you set something against. For a cause, you say 大雨で, 大雨のため, 大雨によって.
A good test: if you can say “the more X, the more…” or “for each X, its Y”, に応じて fits.
- 大雨のため、試合は中止になった。おおあめのため、しあいはちゅうしになった。Due to heavy rain, the match was cancelled. (cause: no に応じて)
- 雨の量に応じて、ダムから流す水の量を調整している。あめのりょうにおうじて、だむからながすみずのりょうをちょうせいしている。The amount of water released from the dam is adjusted according to the amount of rainfall.
Common mistakes
- Using it for a cause: “大雨に応じて中止になった” is wrong. For a cause, you say 大雨のため or 大雨で.
- Using it for a simple observed difference: “人に応じて考え方が違う” sounds wrong; you say 人によって違う.
- Mixing up に応じて (adapt to a variable) and に応えて (respond to an expectation to satisfy it): same kanji 応, different meaning.
7 exercises on this point
Particles to choose, sentences to put back in order, translations: marked straight away, then reviewed at the right time. This JLPT N2 point is on the Meijō Line (Politics and society) of the Nagoya lines.