Drawing on, based on: 〜をもとに
N + をもとに(して)/をもとにした + N
N + をもとに(して)(before a noun: をもとにした): taking X as starting material to create something else. Freer than に基づいて, which strictly follows its basis.
In short
〜をもとに means “drawing on, based on, inspired by”: you take some material (a true story, notes, data, a recipe) and use it to create something else. もと (元) is “origin, source”. The result is a new creation that transforms its basis rather than simply following it.
- 実話をもとにした映画が話題になっている。じつわをもとにしたえいががわだいになっている。A film based on a true story is getting a lot of attention.
- 集めたデータをもとに、レポートを書いた。あつめたでーたをもとに、れぽーとをかいた。I wrote the report based on the data I'd collected.
- 祖母のレシピをもとにして、新しいケーキを作った。そぼのれしぴをもとにして、あたらしいけーきをつくった。I created a new cake inspired by my grandmother's recipe.
- 名古屋に伝わる話をもとにしたアニメが人気だ。なごやにつたわるはなしをもとにしたあにめがにんきだ。An anime based on a Nagoya legend is very popular.
The basics
もと (元) is the source, the starting point. 〜をもとに is “taking X as a starting point”: X is material you use to make something else. A screenplay starts from a true story, a report from data, a cake from an old recipe.
The basis is transformed: you adapt it, develop it, draw inspiration from it. That's what sets をもとに apart from に基づいて (previous point), where you faithfully follow your reference.
I created a new cake inspired by my grandmother's recipe.
- noun
- grammatical form
- verb
- 旅行中のメモをもとに、ブログを書いている。りょこうちゅうのめもをもとに、ぶろぐをかいている。I write my blog based on notes I took while travelling.
- この絵は、古い写真をもとにして描かれた。このえは、ふるいしゃしんをもとにしてえがかれた。This painting was done from an old photo.
How to form it
Put を after the noun that serves as the basis. もとにして is a little more explicit than もとに on its own, with no difference in meaning. Before a noun, you say をもとにした (実話をもとにした映画), more rarely をもとにする.
| Construction | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| N + をもとに | データをもとに書く | write based on data |
| N + をもとにして | レシピをもとにして作る | make starting from a recipe |
| N + をもとにした + N | 実話をもとにした映画 | a film based on a true story |
| N + がもとになる | この話がもとになった | this story served as the basis |
- この歌は、作者自身の恋の経験がもとになっている。このうたは、さくしゃじしんのこいのけいけんがもとになっている。This song grew out of a love affair the songwriter lived through.
- お客様の意見をもとにした新しいメニューです。おきゃくさまのいけんをもとにしたあたらしいめにゅーです。Here's our new menu, created based on our customers' feedback.
をもとに or に基づいて?
Both expressions talk about a basis, but the attitude differs. に基づいて: you conform to the basis and don't depart from it (a law, a regulation, official figures). をもとに: you use it as raw material, then create (a film, a novel, a recipe, a plan).
Notice the particle too: に基づいて with に (you rest “on”), をもとに with を (you “take” a basis). Many mistakes come from mixing the two up.
| をもとに | に基づいて | |
|---|---|---|
| particle | を | に |
| attitude | draw on, transform | conform, don't depart from |
| typical bases | true story, notes, idea, recipe | law, rules, data, facts |
| register | neutral to written | written, legal |
- 法律に基づいて、処分が決まった。ほうりつにもとづいて、しょぶんがきまった。The penalty was decided in accordance with the law. (following the law)
- 昔話をもとに、新しい劇を作った。むかしばなしをもとに、あたらしいげきをつくった。We created a new play based on an old folk tale. (transforming it)
Watch out for its neighbour: のもとで
With の instead of を, you get のもとで / のもとに (next point), which means “under the guidance of, under the authority of”: 先生の指導のもとで. Here もと is no longer the source but “what's beneath”, the position under someone. Just one particle changes, and the meaning flips.
- 先生のアドバイスをもとに、論文を書き直した。せんせいのあどばいすをもとに、ろんぶんをかきなおした。I rewrote my thesis based on my professor's advice.
- 先生の指導のもとで、論文を書き直した。せんせいのしどうのもとで、ろんぶんをかきなおした。I rewrote my thesis under my professor's guidance.
Common mistakes
- Mixing up をもとに (based on) and のもとに (under the authority of): the particle carries the whole meaning.
- Using をもとに for a rule you have to follow: 規則をもとに判断する sounds as if you were loosely inspired by the rules. Say 規則に基づいて.
- Using に instead of を: “実話にもとにした” doesn't exist; it's 実話をもとにした.
7 exercises on this point
Particles to choose, sentences to put back in order, translations: marked straight away, then reviewed at the right time. This JLPT N2 point is on the Meijō Line (Politics and society) of the Nagoya lines.