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Drawing on, based on: 〜をもとに

N + をもとに(して)/をもとにした + N

N + をもとに(して)(before a noun: をもとにした): taking X as starting material to create something else. Freer than に基づいて, which strictly follows its basis.

In short

〜をもとに means “drawing on, based on, inspired by”: you take some material (a true story, notes, data, a recipe) and use it to create something else. もと (元) is “origin, source”. The result is a new creation that transforms its basis rather than simply following it.

  • 実話をもとにした映画が話題になっている。じつわをもとにしたえいががわだいになっている。A film based on a true story is getting a lot of attention.
  • 集めたデータをもとに、レポートを書いた。あつめたでーたをもとに、れぽーとをかいた。I wrote the report based on the data I'd collected.
  • 祖母のレシピをもとにして、新しいケーキを作った。そぼのれしぴをもとにして、あたらしいけーきをつくった。I created a new cake inspired by my grandmother's recipe.
  • 名古屋に伝わる話をもとにしたアニメが人気だ。なごやにつたわるはなしをもとにしたあにめがにんきだ。An anime based on a Nagoya legend is very popular.

The basics

もと (元) is the source, the starting point. 〜をもとに is “taking X as a starting point”: X is material you use to make something else. A screenplay starts from a true story, a report from data, a cake from an old recipe.

The basis is transformed: you adapt it, develop it, draw inspiration from it. That's what sets をもとに apart from に基づいて (previous point), where you faithfully follow your reference.

The sentence, piece by piece
祖母のレシピをmy grandmother's recipe (the basis)
もとにしてtaking as a starting point
新しいケーキをa new cake (object)
作ったI made

I created a new cake inspired by my grandmother's recipe.

  • noun
  • grammatical form
  • verb
  • 旅行中のメモをもとに、ブログを書いている。りょこうちゅうのめもをもとに、ぶろぐをかいている。I write my blog based on notes I took while travelling.
  • この絵は、古い写真をもとにして描かれた。このえは、ふるいしゃしんをもとにしてえがかれた。This painting was done from an old photo.

How to form it

Put を after the noun that serves as the basis. もとにして is a little more explicit than もとに on its own, with no difference in meaning. Before a noun, you say をもとにした (実話をもとにした映画), more rarely をもとにする.

ConstructionExampleMeaning
N + をもとにデータをもとに書くwrite based on data
N + をもとにしてレシピをもとにして作るmake starting from a recipe
N + をもとにした + N実話をもとにした映画a film based on a true story
N + がもとになるこの話がもとになったthis story served as the basis
  • この歌は、作者自身の恋の経験がもとになっている。このうたは、さくしゃじしんのこいのけいけんがもとになっている。This song grew out of a love affair the songwriter lived through.
  • お客様の意見をもとにした新しいメニューです。おきゃくさまのいけんをもとにしたあたらしいめにゅーです。Here's our new menu, created based on our customers' feedback.

をもとに or に基づいて?

Both expressions talk about a basis, but the attitude differs. に基づいて: you conform to the basis and don't depart from it (a law, a regulation, official figures). をもとに: you use it as raw material, then create (a film, a novel, a recipe, a plan).

Notice the particle too: に基づいて with に (you rest “on”), をもとに with を (you “take” a basis). Many mistakes come from mixing the two up.

をもとにに基づいて
particleをに
attitudedraw on, transformconform, don't depart from
typical basestrue story, notes, idea, recipelaw, rules, data, facts
registerneutral to writtenwritten, legal
  • 法律に基づいて、処分が決まった。ほうりつにもとづいて、しょぶんがきまった。The penalty was decided in accordance with the law. (following the law)
  • 昔話をもとに、新しい劇を作った。むかしばなしをもとに、あたらしいげきをつくった。We created a new play based on an old folk tale. (transforming it)

Watch out for its neighbour: のもとで

With の instead of を, you get のもとで / のもとに (next point), which means “under the guidance of, under the authority of”: 先生の指導のもとで. Here もと is no longer the source but “what's beneath”, the position under someone. Just one particle changes, and the meaning flips.

  • 先生のアドバイスをもとに、論文を書き直した。せんせいのあどばいすをもとに、ろんぶんをかきなおした。I rewrote my thesis based on my professor's advice.
  • 先生の指導のもとで、論文を書き直した。せんせいのしどうのもとで、ろんぶんをかきなおした。I rewrote my thesis under my professor's guidance.

Common mistakes

  • Mixing up をもとに (based on) and のもとに (under the authority of): the particle carries the whole meaning.
  • Using をもとに for a rule you have to follow: 規則をもとに判断する sounds as if you were loosely inspired by the rules. Say 規則に基づいて.
  • Using に instead of を: “実話にもとにした” doesn't exist; it's 実話をもとにした.

7 exercises on this point

Particles to choose, sentences to put back in order, translations: marked straight away, then reviewed at the right time. This JLPT N2 point is on the Meijō Line (Politics and society) of the Nagoya lines.