Even if: 〜ても
Verb in て + も; い-adj → くても; noun / な-adj + でも
Verb in て + も, い-adj → くても, noun / な-adj + でも: “even if”, the result doesn't change. With いくら / どんなに: “no matter how”; with a question word: “whatever, wherever…”.
In short
〜ても links two ideas that seem to clash: “even if A, B”. The result doesn't change, whatever the condition. Add も to the て-form of the verb; い-adjectives become 〜くても, nouns and な-adjectives take でも.
- 雨が 降っても、行きます。あめが ふっても、いきます。Even if it rains, I'll go.
- 高くても、この かばんを 買いたいです。たかくても、この かばんを かいたいです。Even if it's expensive, I want to buy this bag.
- 日曜日でも、この 店は 開いて います。にちようびでも、この みせは あいて います。This shop is open even on Sundays.
- いくら 食べても、太りません。いくら たべても、ふとりません。No matter how much I eat, I don't put on weight.
The basics
〜ても is Japanese “even if”. The first part sets a condition; the second says the result stays the same in spite of it: it's raining, and we're going anyway.
The condition can be a mere hypothesis (“even if it rains tomorrow”) or a real fact (“even when it rains, I go out”). Either way, ても announces that it changes nothing.
Even if it rains, I'll go.
- noun
- verb
- 雨が 降ったら、行きません。あめが ふったら、いきません。If it rains, I won't go. (the rain changes everything)
- 雨が 降っても、行きます。あめが ふっても、いきます。Even if it rains, I'll go. (the rain changes nothing)
How to form it
For verbs, start from the て-form (seen at N5) and add も. い-adjectives replace い with くても. Nouns and な-adjectives take でも.
In the negative, start from the ない-form: ない → なくても. You already know 〜なくても いい (“don't have to”): that's exactly it, “even if you don't do it, it's fine”.
| Type | Word | Even if… | Even if… not |
|---|---|---|---|
| group 1 verb | 書く | 書いても | 書かなくても |
| group 2 verb | 食べる | 食べても | 食べなくても |
| irregular verbs | する / 来る | しても / 来ても | しなくても / 来なくても |
| い-adjective | 高い | 高くても | 高くなくても |
| いい (exception) | いい | よくても | よくなくても |
| な-adjective | 静か | 静かでも | 静かじゃなくても |
| noun | 雨 | 雨でも | 雨じゃなくても |
- この 本は 子どもが 読んでも わかります。この ほんは こどもが よんでも わかります。Even a child reading this book would understand it.
- 部屋が 静かでも、ねむれません。へやが しずかでも、ねむれません。Even when the room is quiet, I can't sleep.
- お金が なくても、幸せです。おかねが なくても、しあわせです。Even without money, I'm happy.
“No matter how…”, “whatever…”
With いくら or どんなに in front, ても means “no matter how much, however much…”: you stress an effort or an amount that isn't enough.
With a question word (何, だれ, どこ, いつ), you get “whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever”: 何を 食べても = whatever I eat.
Careful: on its own, いくら means “how much?”. It's the ても that follows which gives it the meaning “no matter how much”.
- いくら 電話しても、出ません。いくら でんわしても、でません。No matter how many times I call, nobody answers.
- どんなに いそがしくても、毎日 母に 電話します。どんなに いそがしくても、まいにち ははに でんわします。However busy I am, I call my mother every day.
- 大阪は どこへ 行っても、人が 多いですね。おおさかは どこへ いっても、ひとが おおいですね。Wherever you go in Osaka, there are lots of people.
- だれに 聞いても、わかりませんでした。だれに きいても、わかりませんでした。Whoever I asked, nobody knew.
ても, のに or けど?
All three express a contrast, but not in the same way. ても says the condition doesn't change the result, and also works for a hypothesis. のに talks about a real fact and adds surprise or regret. けど (が) simply contrasts two facts, with no particular emotion.
| Form | Real fact or hypothesis? | What it adds |
|---|---|---|
| 〜ても | both | “even if”: it changes nothing |
| 〜のに | real fact only | surprise, disappointment, reproach |
| 〜けど / 〜が | real fact | simple contrast, no emotion |
- たくさん 勉強しても、試験は 難しいです。たくさん べんきょうしても、しけんは むずかしいです。Even if you study a lot, the exam is difficult.
- たくさん 勉強したのに、試験に 落ちました。たくさん べんきょうしたのに、しけんに おちました。I studied a lot, and yet I failed the exam (so disappointing).
Common mistakes
- Forgetting the く of い-adjectives: it's 高くても, never “高いても”.
- Mixing up でも “even if” (attached to a noun: 雨でも) and でも “but” at the start of a sentence (でも、行きません).
- Reading いくら as “how much” in いくら 〜ても: here, it's “no matter how much”.
- Translating every ても as “even if”: with a question word, think “whatever, wherever”.
8 exercises on this point
Particles to choose, sentences to put back in order, translations: marked straight away, then reviewed at the right time. This JLPT N4 point is on the Chūō Line (Travelling) of the Osaka subway.