In place of: 〜にかわって・〜にかわり
Noun + にかわって / にかわり
Noun + にかわって / にかわり: in place of, on behalf of (person or thing replaced). にかわる + noun in writing. More polite and more written than のかわりに; never after a verb.
In short
〜にかわって means “in place of, on behalf of”: one person replaces another (部長にかわって私が説明します), or one thing replaces another (手紙にかわってメール). にかわり is the written or formal version, and にかわる + noun qualifies a noun. Polite or written register.
- 部長にかわって、私がご説明します。ぶちょうにかわって、わたしがごせつめいします。I'll give the presentation on behalf of the department manager.
- 最近は、手紙にかわってメールを使う人が多い。さいきんは、てがみにかわってめーるをつかうひとがおおい。These days, many people use email instead of letters.
- 病気の父にかわって、兄が店を開けた。びょうきのちちにかわって、あにがみせをあけた。My big brother opened the shop in place of our sick father.
- 社長にかわり、ご挨拶申し上げます。しゃちょうにかわり、ごあいさつもうしあげます。I'd like to say a few words on behalf of the president.
The basics
かわる (代わる) means “to replace, to take the place of”. 〜にかわって indicates who or what is being replaced: someone does something in another person's place, or a new thing has taken the place of an old one.
With a person, you often hear it at work, when speaking on behalf of someone who's absent. With a thing, it describes a change of era: emails instead of letters, cards instead of cash.
I'll give the presentation on behalf of the department manager.
- noun
- grammatical form
- verb
- 出かけている母にかわって、私が電話に出た。でかけているははにかわって、わたしがでんわにでた。I answered the phone in place of my mother, who was out.
- 今では、現金にかわってカードで払う人が増えた。いまでは、げんきんにかわってかーどではらうひとがふえた。Nowadays, more and more people pay by card instead of cash.
How to form it
にかわって always follows a noun. にかわり is more written, or kept for speeches. To qualify a noun, use にかわる.
| Form | Register | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Noun + にかわって | polite, everyday | 父にかわって兄が来た |
| Noun + にかわり | written, speeches | 社長にかわり、ご挨拶申し上げます |
| Noun + にかわる + Noun | written | スマホにかわる新しい機械 |
- スマホにかわる新しい機械は、まだ出ていない。すまほにかわるあたらしいきかいは、まだでていない。No new device that could replace the smartphone has come out yet.
- けがをした選手にかわり、山田選手が試合に出た。けがをしたせんしゅにかわり、やまだせんしゅがしあいにでた。Yamada came on in place of the injured player.
にかわって or のかわりに?
Noun + のかわりに (covered later) means almost the same as にかわって and is more common in conversation: 母のかわりに買い物に行った. にかわって sounds more polite or more written, and suits acting officially on someone's behalf.
But only かわりに can follow a verb, with the idea of compensation (“in exchange”): 手伝うかわりに、ご飯をおごって. にかわって never follows a verb.
| Form | After | Example |
|---|---|---|
| にかわって | nouns only | 部長にかわって説明する |
| のかわりに | noun + の | 部長のかわりに説明する |
| かわりに | verb (compensation) | 手伝うかわりに、おごって |
- 母のかわりに、スーパーへ買い物に行った。ははのかわりに、すーぱーへかいものにいった。I went shopping at the supermarket in place of my mother.
Common mistakes
- Putting a verb before にかわって: “行くにかわって” is wrong. You need a noun (父にかわって); with a verb, use かわりに.
- Mixing up かわる “to replace” (代わる) and かわる “to change” (変わる): 天気が変わる = the weather changes; 父にかわる = to replace my father.
- Translating it as “for” in the sense of “for the benefit of”: 母にかわって料理した = I cooked in her place, not to please her (that would be 母のために).
7 exercises on this point
Particles to choose, sentences to put back in order, translations: marked straight away, then reviewed at the right time. This JLPT N3 point is on the Tōzai Line (Politics and law) of the Kyoto lines.