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In place of: 〜にかわって・〜にかわり

Noun + にかわって / にかわり

Noun + にかわって / にかわり: in place of, on behalf of (person or thing replaced). にかわる + noun in writing. More polite and more written than のかわりに; never after a verb.

In short

〜にかわって means “in place of, on behalf of”: one person replaces another (部長にかわって私が説明します), or one thing replaces another (手紙にかわってメール). にかわり is the written or formal version, and にかわる + noun qualifies a noun. Polite or written register.

  • 部長にかわって、私がご説明します。ぶちょうにかわって、わたしがごせつめいします。I'll give the presentation on behalf of the department manager.
  • 最近は、手紙にかわってメールを使う人が多い。さいきんは、てがみにかわってめーるをつかうひとがおおい。These days, many people use email instead of letters.
  • 病気の父にかわって、兄が店を開けた。びょうきのちちにかわって、あにがみせをあけた。My big brother opened the shop in place of our sick father.
  • 社長にかわり、ご挨拶申し上げます。しゃちょうにかわり、ごあいさつもうしあげます。I'd like to say a few words on behalf of the president.

The basics

かわる (代わる) means “to replace, to take the place of”. 〜にかわって indicates who or what is being replaced: someone does something in another person's place, or a new thing has taken the place of an old one.

With a person, you often hear it at work, when speaking on behalf of someone who's absent. With a thing, it describes a change of era: emails instead of letters, cards instead of cash.

The sentence, piece by piece
部長にthe department manager (the one replaced)
かわって、in place of
私がI (subject)
ご説明しますwill explain (humble)

I'll give the presentation on behalf of the department manager.

  • noun
  • grammatical form
  • verb
  • 出かけている母にかわって、私が電話に出た。でかけているははにかわって、わたしがでんわにでた。I answered the phone in place of my mother, who was out.
  • 今では、現金にかわってカードで払う人が増えた。いまでは、げんきんにかわってかーどではらうひとがふえた。Nowadays, more and more people pay by card instead of cash.

How to form it

にかわって always follows a noun. にかわり is more written, or kept for speeches. To qualify a noun, use にかわる.

FormRegisterExample
Noun + にかわってpolite, everyday父にかわって兄が来た
Noun + にかわりwritten, speeches社長にかわり、ご挨拶申し上げます
Noun + にかわる + Nounwrittenスマホにかわる新しい機械
  • スマホにかわる新しい機械は、まだ出ていない。すまほにかわるあたらしいきかいは、まだでていない。No new device that could replace the smartphone has come out yet.
  • けがをした選手にかわり、山田選手が試合に出た。けがをしたせんしゅにかわり、やまだせんしゅがしあいにでた。Yamada came on in place of the injured player.

にかわって or のかわりに?

Noun + のかわりに (covered later) means almost the same as にかわって and is more common in conversation: 母のかわりに買い物に行った. にかわって sounds more polite or more written, and suits acting officially on someone's behalf.

But only かわりに can follow a verb, with the idea of compensation (“in exchange”): 手伝うかわりに、ご飯をおごって. にかわって never follows a verb.

FormAfterExample
にかわってnouns only部長にかわって説明する
のかわりにnoun + の部長のかわりに説明する
かわりにverb (compensation)手伝うかわりに、おごって
  • 母のかわりに、スーパーへ買い物に行った。ははのかわりに、すーぱーへかいものにいった。I went shopping at the supermarket in place of my mother.

Common mistakes

  • Putting a verb before にかわって: “行くにかわって” is wrong. You need a noun (父にかわって); with a verb, use かわりに.
  • Mixing up かわる “to replace” (代わる) and かわる “to change” (変わる): 天気が変わる = the weather changes; 父にかわる = to replace my father.
  • Translating it as “for” in the sense of “for the benefit of”: 母にかわって料理した = I cooked in her place, not to please her (that would be 母のために).

7 exercises on this point

Particles to choose, sentences to put back in order, translations: marked straight away, then reviewed at the right time. This JLPT N3 point is on the Tōzai Line (Politics and law) of the Kyoto lines.