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Gotta (spoken): 〜なくちゃ・〜なきゃ

Verb-ない → なくちゃ/なきゃ(いけない)

なくちゃ(← なくては) and なきゃ(← なければ) = “have to, gotta”, in casual speech. You can stop there; with a superior, keep なければ なりません.

In short

〜なくちゃ and 〜なきゃ are the spoken forms of “have to”. なくちゃ comes from なくては, なきゃ from なければ. Among friends or when talking to yourself, the sentence often stops there, without いけない.

  • もう こんな 時間だ。帰らなくちゃ。もう こんな じかんだ。かえらなくちゃ。Look at the time! I've got to go home.
  • あしたは 早く 起きなきゃ。あしたは はやく おきなきゃ。I've got to get up early tomorrow.
  • 薬を 飲まなくちゃ いけないよ。くすりを のまなくちゃ いけないよ。You need to take your medicine, you know.

The basics

At N5, you learned 〜なければなりません: “have to”. It's correct, but very stiff in speech. Among friends, in the family or talking to yourself, Japanese people contract it: なくては becomes なくちゃ, なければ becomes なきゃ — a bit like English “have to” becoming “gotta”.

And very often, the end of the sentence (いけない, ならない) disappears: 帰らなくちゃ is enough to say “gotta go home”.

The sentence, piece by piece
もうalready (it's late)
帰らgo home (base of the ない-form)
なくちゃhave to (spoken, for なくては)

I've got to go home.

  • other
  • verb
  • grammatical form
  • もう 行かなくちゃ。もう いかなくちゃ。Gotta go.
  • 宿題、しなきゃ。しゅくだい、しなきゃ。Gotta do my homework.

How to form it

Start from the ない-form, drop the final い and add くちゃ or きゃ. The two contractions follow a simple rule: ては → ちゃ, ければ → きゃ.

Verbない-formなくちゃなきゃ
行く行かない行かなくちゃ行かなきゃ
食べる食べない食べなくちゃ食べなきゃ
するしないしなくちゃしなきゃ
来る来ない(こない)来なくちゃ来なきゃ
  • この 本、今日 読まなきゃ。この ほん、きょう よまなきゃ。I've got to read this book today.
  • 母に 電話しなくちゃ いけない。ははに でんわしなくちゃ いけない。I need to call my mother.

From most formal to most casual

All these forms mean “have to”. What changes is the register. ないと(いけない) is also very common in speech, and you can stop at ないと: 早く 行かないと (“we'd better get going”).

FormRegisterExample
〜なければ なりませんvery polite, written, rules行かなければ なりません
〜なければ いけませんpolite行かなければ いけません
〜なくては いけませんpolite行かなくては いけません
〜ないと いけないeveryday speech行かないと いけない
〜なくちゃ(いけない)casual speech行かなくちゃ
〜なきゃ(いけない)casual speech行かなきゃ
  • 毎日 この 薬を 飲まなければ なりません。まいにち この くすりを のまなければ なりません。You must take this medicine every day. (doctor, very polite)
  • 早く 行かないと。はやく いかないと。We'd better hurry up and go.

Watch out for the lookalike: 〜ちゃ だめ

The same contraction exists for prohibition: 〜ては いけない becomes 〜ちゃ だめ / 〜ちゃ いけない (and 〜では becomes 〜じゃ). A single syllable separates obligation from prohibition: check carefully whether there's なく before ちゃ.

  • やさいも 食べなくちゃ。やさいも たべなくちゃ。You've got to eat your vegetables too. (obligation)
  • それ、食べちゃ だめ!それ、たべちゃ だめ!Don't eat that! (prohibition)

Common mistakes

  • Using なくちゃ or なきゃ in writing or with a superior: with your boss, keep なければ なりません.
  • Cutting the word wrongly: it's 食べなくちゃ, not “食べないくちゃ” (the い of ない disappears).
  • Not understanding a sentence that stops at なきゃ: nothing is missing; いけない is understood.
  • Mixing up 食べなくちゃ (you've got to eat) and 食べちゃ だめ (you mustn't eat).

7 exercises on this point

Particles to choose, sentences to put back in order, translations: marked straight away, then reviewed at the right time. This JLPT N4 point is on the Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line (Health) of the Osaka subway.