Being affected: the suffering passive
A は B に V-passive
A は B に V-passive: A suffers trouble caused by B, even with an intransitive verb (雨に 降られた). What belongs to A keeps を (足を ふまれた).
In short
Japanese uses the passive to say you were on the receiving end of something unpleasant, even when nothing was actually “done” to you: 雨に 降られた, “I got caught in the rain”. The sentence expresses a complaint, an annoyance.
- きのう 帰りに 雨に 降られました。きのう かえりに あめに ふられました。Yesterday I got caught in the rain on the way home.
- 夜中に 赤ちゃんに なかれて、寝られませんでした。よなかに あかちゃんに なかれて、ねられませんでした。The baby cried in the middle of the night and I couldn't sleep.
- 電車で となりの 人に 足を ふまれました。でんしゃで となりの ひとに あしを ふまれました。On the train, the person next to me trod on my foot.
The basics
In the previous point, the passive described an action done to someone. Here, it's used to say you were affected, bothered, inconvenienced by what happened. The subject (often “me”, unspoken) is the victim; whoever causes the trouble takes に.
English has no exact equivalent, but it comes close with “get” and “have”: “I got caught in the rain”, “I had my wallet stolen”. Otherwise, use the active with a note of complaint.
On the train, the person next to me trod on my foot.
- noun
- verb
- 弟が ケーキを 食べた。おとうとが けーきを たべた。My little brother ate the cake. (a fact)
- 弟に ケーキを 食べられた。おとうとに けーきを たべられた。My little brother went and ate my cake! (I'm the one who suffers)
Even with a verb that has no object
This is what surprises English speakers: the suffering passive also works with intransitive verbs, which have no object. Rain falling (降る), a baby crying (なく), a friend leaving (帰る): you “suffer” the event.
| Neutral fact | Suffering passive | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 雨が 降った | 雨に 降られた | I got caught in the rain |
| 赤ちゃんが ないた | 赤ちゃんに なかれた | the baby cried (and it bothered me) |
| 友だちが 先に 帰った | 友だちに 先に 帰られた | my friend left before me (and left me behind) |
| となりに ビルが できた | となりに ビルを 建てられた | they put up a building right next to me |
- 家の 前に 大きい ビルを 建てられて、海が 見えなく なった。いえの まえに おおきい びるを たてられて、うみが みえなく なった。They built a big building in front of my house and now I can't see the sea.
- 友だちに 先に 帰られて、ひとりで 待って いました。ともだちに さきに かえられて、ひとりで まって いました。My friend left before me and I was stuck waiting on my own.
What belongs to me keeps を
When the trouble affects a part of your body or something you own, you stay the subject, and the object keeps を: わたしは 足を ふまれた. You don't say “わたしの 足が ふまれた”, which sounds like a word-for-word translation.
- どろぼうに さいふを 取られました。どろぼうに さいふを とられました。I had my wallet stolen.
- 子どもに 大事な 本を やぶられた。こどもに だいじな ほんを やぶられた。My child tore up a precious book of mine.
Common mistakes
- Building “わたしの 足が ふまれた”: keep the person as the subject and the object with を (足を ふまれた).
- Thinking the passive is always neutral: 雨に 降られた isn't “the rain fell”; it's a complaint.
- Looking for a word-for-word equivalent in English: translate the idea (“I got…”, “I had… stolen”, “annoyingly”).
7 exercises on this point
Particles to choose, sentences to put back in order, translations: marked straight away, then reviewed at the right time. This JLPT N4 point is on the Imazatosuji Line (Family and neighbours) of the Osaka subway.