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Coming and going in time: 〜ていく・〜てくる

Verb-て + いく/くる

Verb-て + いく/くる: direction in space (take, bring, go and do then come back) or in time (くる: a change building up to now; いく: one continuing into the future).

In short

〜て いく and 〜て くる add a direction to the action. In space: かさを 持って いく (to take an umbrella along), パンを 買って くる (to go and buy bread and come back). In time: 〜て くる describes a change that has been building up to now (寒く なって きた: it's getting cold), 〜て いく a change that continues into the future (これから 増えて いく: it's going to keep increasing).

  • 雨だから、かさを 持って いきます。あめだから、かさを もって いきます。It's raining, so I'll take an umbrella.
  • ちょっと コンビニで パンを 買って くるね。ちょっと コンビニで パンを かって くるね。I'm just popping to the convenience store for some bread.
  • だんだん 寒く なって きました。だんだん さむく なって きました。It's been getting colder and colder.
  • これから 日本に 住む 外国人は 増えて いくでしょう。これから にほんに すむ がいこくじんは ふえて いくでしょう。The number of foreigners living in Japan will probably keep rising.

The basics

いく (to go) moves away from where the speaker is; くる (to come) moves towards it. Attached to a て-form, they give the action a direction: first in space, then, figuratively, in time.

In this grammatical use, いく and くる are written in hiragana.

The sentence, piece by piece
だんだんlittle by little
寒く なってbecome cold (て-form)
きましたhas come up to now

It's been getting colder and colder.

  • other
  • verb
  • grammatical form
  • お土産を 持って きました。おみやげを もって きました。I've brought you a little souvenir.
  • これから もっと いそがしく なって いく。これから もっと いそがしく なって いく。Things are going to get busier and busier from now on.

In space: take, bring, go and do

持って いく: to take (you leave with it). 持って くる: to bring (you come with it). 買って くる: to go and buy, then come back. This last use is very common for “I'll go and do something and come back”: 行って きます, the phrase you say when leaving home, literally means “I'll go and come back”.

UseExampleMeaning
space: going awayかさを 持って いくto take an umbrella
space: coming hereおかしを 持って くるto bring some snacks
go and come backパンを 買って くるto go and buy bread (and come back)
time: up to now寒く なって きたit's getting cold
time: into the future増えて いくit'll keep increasing
  • ちょっと トイレに 行って きます。ちょっと トイレに いって きます。I'm just going to the toilet, back in a sec.

In time: the viewpoint is now

Imagine you're standing in the present. A change that started in the past and reaches you “comes”: 〜て くる. Often it's the start of a change you notice (“it's starting to…”). A change that starts now and continues into the future “goes away”: 〜て いく.

  • 日本語が 少し わかるように なって きた。にほんごが すこし わかるように なって きた。I'm starting to understand a bit of Japanese.
  • これからも 日本語を 勉強して いきたいです。これからも にほんごを べんきょうして いきたいです。I'd like to keep studying Japanese from now on.

Common mistakes

  • Translating 買って くる as “come and buy”: it means “go and buy, then come back”.
  • Writing 行く / 来る in kanji in the grammatical use: write 〜て いく, 〜て くる.
  • Swapping the viewpoints in time: くる = up to now, いく = from now on.

8 exercises on this point

Particles to choose, sentences to put back in order, translations: marked straight away, then reviewed at the right time. This JLPT N4 point is on the Yotsubashi Line (Shopping) of the Osaka subway.