So that: 〜ように(purpose)
Dictionary form / ない / potential + ように
Dictionary / ない / potential + ように: “so that, so as to be able to, so as not to”. For a purpose you don't control directly; for an action decided by the same subject, it's ために.
In short
〜ように also expresses a purpose, but one you don't control directly: a state, an ability, something that should or shouldn't happen. “So that, in order to be able to, so as not to”. It follows the dictionary form, the ない-form or the potential.
- わすれないように、メモします。わすれないように、メモします。I take notes so I don't forget.
- みんなが 見えるように、大きく 書きます。みんなが みえるように、おおきく かきます。I write in big letters so that everyone can see.
- かぜを ひかないように、あたたかく して 寝て ください。かぜを ひかないように、あたたかく して ねて ください。Keep yourself warm when you sleep, so you don't catch a cold.
- 日本語が 話せるように、毎日 れんしゅうして います。にほんごが はなせるように、まいにち れんしゅうして います。I practise every day so that I can speak Japanese.
The basics
With ために, the purpose is an action you decide: “buy a house”. With ように, the purpose is a result you hope for: “not forget”, “be able to see”, “not catch a cold”. You do something so that this result happens, without being able to decide it directly. English often marks this with “so that… can” or “so as not to”.
I take notes so I don't forget.
- verb
- grammatical form
- うしろの 人にも 聞こえるように、大きい こえで 話して ください。うしろの ひとにも きこえるように、おおきい こえで はなして ください。Please speak up, so that the people at the back can hear too.
How to form it
Three forms come before ように, all things you don't entirely control: a non-deliberate verb (見える, 聞こえる, わかる, なる), a potential (話せる, 読める), or a negative form (わすれない, 遅れない).
| Before ように | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| non-deliberate verb | みんなに わかるように | so that everyone understands |
| potential | 日本語が 話せるように | so that I can speak Japanese |
| ない-form | わすれないように | so as not to forget |
| different subject | 子どもが 寝られるように | so that the child can sleep |
- 赤ちゃんが 寝られるように、静かに して ください。あかちゃんが ねられるように、しずかに して ください。Please be quiet, so that the baby can sleep.
ために or ように?
Ask yourself two questions. Is the purpose an action you decide? Do both parts have the same subject? If yes to both: ために. Otherwise: ように.
| Criterion | ために | ように |
|---|---|---|
| verb of the purpose | deliberate action (買う, 行く) | state, ability (わかる, 話せる) |
| negative form | less common | common (わすれないように) |
| subjects | the same in both parts | can be different |
| example | 家を 買う ために 働く | 家が 買えるように 働く |
- 日本で 働く ために、日本語を 勉強して います。にほんで はたらく ために、にほんごを べんきょうして います。I'm studying Japanese to work in Japan. (a decided action)
- 日本で 働けるように、日本語を 勉強して います。にほんで はたらけるように、にほんごを べんきょうして います。I'm studying Japanese so that I can work in Japan. (an ability)
Not to be confused with ようになる
You've already seen 〜ように なる: a gradual change (読めるように なった, “I can read now”). Here, ように is followed by an action you take to reach the goal. ように has still other uses, coming a little later (passing on an instruction, trying to, making a wish).
- ひらがなが 読めるように なりました。ひらがなが よめるように なりました。I can read hiragana now. (change)
Common mistakes
- Saying “上手に なる ために”: getting good isn't an action you decide; say 上手に なるように.
- Forgetting the negative form: “so as not to forget” is わすれないように, not “わすれる ために ない”.
- Mixing up 〜ように (purpose) and 〜ように なる (change): look at what follows.
7 exercises on this point
Particles to choose, sentences to put back in order, translations: marked straight away, then reviewed at the right time. This JLPT N4 point is on the Sakaisuji Line (Doing favours) of the Osaka subway.